Origins of surnames

Surnames frequently have one of these origins:

1. Personal names: examples: González (from Gonzalo), Garcés (from García), Martínez (from Martín), López (from Lope), Rodríguez (from Rodrigo), Ruiz (from Rui or Ruy), Friedrichsohn (from Friedrich), McArthur (from Arthur), McDonald (from Donald), Paulov (from Paul).
2. Trades: trades were handed down within the family, which made it easy to identify a family with an occupation. Examples: Ferreiro, Fischer, Pastor, Herrero, Moliner, Zapatero, Schulze, Schneider.
3. Physical features: a distinctive physical trait, often shared by a large part of a family's members. Examples: Calvete, Rubio, Calvo, Bermejo, Klein, Krause, Schwarzkopf.